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sqlglot.dialects.tsql

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import datetime
   4import re
   5import typing as t
   6
   7from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   8from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
   9    Dialect,
  10    NormalizationStrategy,
  11    any_value_to_max_sql,
  12    date_delta_sql,
  13    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
  14    max_or_greatest,
  15    min_or_least,
  16    build_date_delta,
  17    rename_func,
  18    timestrtotime_sql,
  19    trim_sql,
  20)
  21from sqlglot.expressions import DataType
  22from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
  23from sqlglot.time import format_time
  24from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  25
  26if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
  27    from sqlglot._typing import E
  28
  29FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
  30    "weekday": "%A",
  31    "dw": "%A",
  32    "w": "%A",
  33    "month": "%B",
  34    "mm": "%B",
  35    "m": "%B",
  36}
  37
  38DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
  39    "year": "year",
  40    "yyyy": "year",
  41    "yy": "year",
  42    "quarter": "quarter",
  43    "qq": "quarter",
  44    "q": "quarter",
  45    "month": "month",
  46    "mm": "month",
  47    "m": "month",
  48    "week": "week",
  49    "ww": "week",
  50    "wk": "week",
  51    "day": "day",
  52    "dd": "day",
  53    "d": "day",
  54}
  55
  56
  57DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
  58
  59# N = Numeric, C=Currency
  60TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
  61
  62DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
  63
  64BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
  65
  66# Unsupported options:
  67# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
  68# - TABLE HINT
  69OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
  70    **dict.fromkeys(
  71        (
  72            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
  73            "FAST",
  74            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
  75            "LABEL",
  76            "MAXDOP",
  77            "MAXRECURSION",
  78            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
  79            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
  80            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
  81            "QUERYTRACEON",
  82            "RECOMPILE",
  83        ),
  84        tuple(),
  85    ),
  86    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
  87    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  88    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
  89    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  90    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
  91    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
  92    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
  93    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
  94    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
  95    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
  96    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
  97    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
  98    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
  99    "USE": ("PLAN",),
 100}
 101
 102OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
 103
 104
 105def _build_formatted_time(
 106    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
 107) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 108    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 109        assert len(args) == 2
 110
 111        return exp_class(
 112            this=exp.cast(args[1], "datetime"),
 113            format=exp.Literal.string(
 114                format_time(
 115                    args[0].name.lower(),
 116                    (
 117                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
 118                        if full_format_mapping
 119                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
 120                    ),
 121                )
 122            ),
 123        )
 124
 125    return _builder
 126
 127
 128def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
 129    this = seq_get(args, 0)
 130    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
 131    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
 132
 133    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
 134
 135    if number_fmt:
 136        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 137
 138    if fmt:
 139        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 140            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
 141            if len(fmt.name) == 1
 142            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
 143        )
 144
 145    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 146
 147
 148def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
 149    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
 150    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
 151
 152    if month_lag is None:
 153        this: exp.Expression = date
 154    else:
 155        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
 156        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
 157
 158    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
 159
 160
 161def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 162    kind, data = args
 163    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
 164
 165    if kind == "MD5":
 166        args.pop(0)
 167        return exp.MD5(this=data)
 168    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
 169        args.pop(0)
 170        return exp.SHA(this=data)
 171    if kind == "SHA2_256":
 172        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
 173    if kind == "SHA2_512":
 174        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
 175
 176    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
 177
 178
 179DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "HOUR", "QUARTER"}
 180
 181
 182def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 183    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 184
 185    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 186        if fmt.is_string:
 187            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 188
 189            name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper()
 190            if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS:
 191                return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this)
 192
 193            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 194        else:
 195            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 196    else:
 197        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 198
 199    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 200
 201
 202def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 203    this = expression.this
 204    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
 205    if distinct:
 206        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 207        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 208        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 209
 210    order = ""
 211    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 212        if expression.this.this:
 213            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 214        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"  # Order has a leading space
 215
 216    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 217    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 218
 219
 220def _build_date_delta(
 221    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
 222) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 223    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 224        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 225        if unit and unit_mapping:
 226            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
 227
 228        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
 229        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
 230            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
 231            if start_date.is_int:
 232                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=int(start_date.this))
 233                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
 234            else:
 235                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
 236                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
 237                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
 238
 239        return exp_class(
 240            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
 241            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
 242            unit=unit,
 243        )
 244
 245    return _builder
 246
 247
 248def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 249    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 250    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 251
 252    if (
 253        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 254        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 255        and not alias.columns
 256    ):
 257        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 258
 259        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 260        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 261        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 262        query = expression.this
 263        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 264            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 265        )
 266
 267        qualify_outputs(query)
 268
 269        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 270        query_selects = query.selects
 271        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 272            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 273            column = alias.this
 274            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
 275                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
 276
 277    return expression
 278
 279
 280# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 281def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
 282    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
 283        year=seq_get(args, 0),
 284        month=seq_get(args, 1),
 285        day=seq_get(args, 2),
 286        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
 287        min=seq_get(args, 4),
 288        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
 289        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
 290    )
 291
 292
 293# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 294def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
 295    return exp.TimeFromParts(
 296        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
 297        min=seq_get(args, 1),
 298        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
 299        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
 300        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
 301    )
 302
 303
 304def _build_with_arg_as_text(
 305    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
 306) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
 307    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
 308        this = seq_get(args, 0)
 309
 310        if this and not this.is_string:
 311            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
 312
 313        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
 314        kwargs = {"this": this}
 315
 316        if expression:
 317            kwargs["expression"] = expression
 318
 319        return klass(**kwargs)
 320
 321    return _parse
 322
 323
 324def _json_extract_sql(
 325    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
 326) -> str:
 327    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
 328    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
 329    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
 330
 331
 332class TSQL(Dialect):
 333    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 334    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 335    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 336    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 337    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 338    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 339
 340    TIME_MAPPING = {
 341        "year": "%Y",
 342        "dayofyear": "%j",
 343        "day": "%d",
 344        "dy": "%d",
 345        "y": "%Y",
 346        "week": "%W",
 347        "ww": "%W",
 348        "wk": "%W",
 349        "hour": "%h",
 350        "hh": "%I",
 351        "minute": "%M",
 352        "mi": "%M",
 353        "n": "%M",
 354        "second": "%S",
 355        "ss": "%S",
 356        "s": "%-S",
 357        "millisecond": "%f",
 358        "ms": "%f",
 359        "weekday": "%W",
 360        "dw": "%W",
 361        "month": "%m",
 362        "mm": "%M",
 363        "m": "%-M",
 364        "Y": "%Y",
 365        "YYYY": "%Y",
 366        "YY": "%y",
 367        "MMMM": "%B",
 368        "MMM": "%b",
 369        "MM": "%m",
 370        "M": "%-m",
 371        "dddd": "%A",
 372        "dd": "%d",
 373        "d": "%-d",
 374        "HH": "%H",
 375        "H": "%-H",
 376        "h": "%-I",
 377        "S": "%f",
 378        "yyyy": "%Y",
 379        "yy": "%y",
 380    }
 381
 382    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 383        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 384        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 385        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 386        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 387        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 388        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 389        "6": "%d %b %y",
 390        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 391        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 392        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 393        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 394        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 395        "12": "yymmdd",
 396        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 397        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 398        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 399        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 400        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 401        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 402        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 403        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 404        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 405        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 406        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 407        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 408        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 409        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 410        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 411        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 412        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 413        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 414        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 415        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 416        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 417        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 418        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 419        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 420        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 421    }
 422
 423    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 424        "y": "%B %Y",
 425        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 426        "H": "%-H",
 427        "h": "%-I",
 428        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 429        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 430        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 431        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 432        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 433        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 434        "M": "%B %-d",
 435        "m": "%B %-d",
 436        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 437        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 438        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 439        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 440        "t": "%-I:%M",
 441        "Y": "%a %Y",
 442    }
 443
 444    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 445        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 446        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 447        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 448        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 449
 450        KEYWORDS = {
 451            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 452            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
 453            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 454            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
 455            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 456            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 457            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 458            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 459            "NVARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
 460            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 461            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 462            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 463            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 464            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
 465            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 466            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 467            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 468            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
 469            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 470            "VARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
 471            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 472            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 473            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 474            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 475            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 476        }
 477
 478    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 479        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 480        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 481        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 482        STRING_ALIASES = True
 483        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 484
 485        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 486            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 487            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 488        }
 489
 490        FUNCTIONS = {
 491            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 492            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 493                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 494                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 495                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 496            ),
 497            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 498            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 499            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 500            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
 501            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 502            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 503            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 504            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 505            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 506            "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list,
 507            "JSON_QUERY": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
 508            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 509            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 510            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 511            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 512            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 513            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 514            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 515            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 516            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 517            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 518            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 519        }
 520
 521        JOIN_HINTS = {
 522            "LOOP",
 523            "HASH",
 524            "MERGE",
 525            "REMOTE",
 526        }
 527
 528        VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {
 529            DataType.Type.NVARCHAR,
 530            DataType.Type.VARCHAR,
 531            DataType.Type.CHAR,
 532            DataType.Type.NCHAR,
 533        }
 534
 535        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 536            TokenType.TABLE,
 537            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 538        }
 539
 540        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 541            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 542            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(),
 543        }
 544
 545        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 546            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 547                return None
 548
 549            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 550                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 551                if not option:
 552                    return None
 553
 554                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 555                return self.expression(
 556                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 557                )
 558
 559            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 560
 561        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 562            """
 563            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 564            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 565
 566            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 567            """
 568            return [
 569                (
 570                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 571                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 572                    else projection
 573                )
 574                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 575            ]
 576
 577        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 578            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 579            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 580                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 581                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 582
 583            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 584                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 585                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 586            """
 587            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 588
 589            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 590            this = self._parse_id_var()
 591
 592            if rollback:
 593                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 594
 595            durability = None
 596            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 597                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 598                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 599
 600                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 601                    durability = False
 602                else:
 603                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 604                    durability = True
 605
 606                self._match_r_paren()
 607
 608            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 609
 610        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 611            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 612            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 613            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 614            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 615            ]
 616            """
 617            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 618                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 619                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 620                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 621
 622                return transaction
 623
 624            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 625
 626        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 627            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 628            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 629            returns.set("table", table)
 630            return returns
 631
 632        def _parse_convert(
 633            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 634        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 635            to = self._parse_types()
 636            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 637            this = self._parse_conjunction()
 638
 639            if not to or not this:
 640                return None
 641
 642            # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified
 643            if seq_get(to.expressions, 0) is None and to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
 644                to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False)
 645
 646            # Check whether a conversion with format is applicable
 647            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
 648                format_val = self._parse_number()
 649                format_val_name = format_val.name if format_val else ""
 650
 651                if format_val_name not in TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING:
 652                    raise ValueError(
 653                        f"CONVERT function at T-SQL does not support format style {format_val_name}"
 654                    )
 655
 656                format_norm = exp.Literal.string(TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING[format_val_name])
 657
 658                # Check whether the convert entails a string to date format
 659                if to.this == DataType.Type.DATE:
 660                    return self.expression(exp.StrToDate, this=this, format=format_norm)
 661                # Check whether the convert entails a string to datetime format
 662                elif to.this == DataType.Type.DATETIME:
 663                    return self.expression(exp.StrToTime, this=this, format=format_norm)
 664                # Check whether the convert entails a date to string format
 665                elif to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
 666                    return self.expression(
 667                        exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
 668                        to=to,
 669                        this=self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm),
 670                        safe=safe,
 671                    )
 672                elif to.this == DataType.Type.TEXT:
 673                    return self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm)
 674
 675            # Entails a simple cast without any format requirement
 676            return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
 677
 678        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 679            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 680        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 681            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 682
 683            if (
 684                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 685                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 686                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 687            ):
 688                return this
 689
 690            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 691            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 692
 693        def _parse_id_var(
 694            self,
 695            any_token: bool = True,
 696            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 697        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 698            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 699            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 700
 701            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 702            if this:
 703                if is_global:
 704                    this.set("global", True)
 705                elif is_temporary:
 706                    this.set("temporary", True)
 707
 708            return this
 709
 710        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 711            create = super()._parse_create()
 712
 713            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 714                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 715                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 716                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 717                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 718
 719                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 720
 721            return create
 722
 723        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 724            index = self._index
 725
 726            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 727                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 728                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 729                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 730                self._retreat(index)
 731
 732            return super()._parse_if()
 733
 734        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 735            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 736                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 737            else:
 738                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 739
 740            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 741
 742        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 743            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 744                return None
 745
 746            def parse_range():
 747                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 748                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 749
 750                return (
 751                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 752                )
 753
 754            partition = self.expression(
 755                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 756            )
 757
 758            self._match_r_paren()
 759
 760            return partition
 761
 762    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 763        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 764        QUERY_HINTS = False
 765        RETURNING_END = False
 766        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 767        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 768        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 769        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 770        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 771        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 772        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 773        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 774        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 775        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 776        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 777
 778        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 779            exp.Delete,
 780            exp.Insert,
 781            exp.Merge,
 782            exp.Select,
 783            exp.Subquery,
 784            exp.Union,
 785            exp.Update,
 786        }
 787
 788        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 789            exp.JSONPathKey,
 790            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 791            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 792        }
 793
 794        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 795            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 796            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 797            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 798            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
 799            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 800            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 801            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 802            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 803            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 804            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 805        }
 806
 807        TRANSFORMS = {
 808            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 809            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 810            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 811            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 812            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 813            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 814            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 815            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 816            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 817            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 818            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 819            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 820            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 821            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 822            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 823            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 824            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 825            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 826            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 827            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
 828            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 829                [
 830                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 831                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 832                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 833                ]
 834            ),
 835            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 836                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 837            ),
 838            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 839            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 840            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 841                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 842            ),
 843            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 844            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
 845            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 846            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 847            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 848            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 849        }
 850
 851        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 852
 853        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 854            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 855            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 856        }
 857
 858        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
 859            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
 860            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
 861            if value:
 862                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
 863                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
 864            return option
 865
 866        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 867            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
 868            if cross_apply is True:
 869                return "CROSS APPLY"
 870            if cross_apply is False:
 871                return "OUTER APPLY"
 872
 873            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
 874            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
 875            return "LATERAL"
 876
 877        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
 878            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 879            if nano is not None:
 880                nano.pop()
 881                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
 882
 883            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
 884                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
 885            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
 886                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
 887
 888            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 889
 890        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
 891            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
 892            if zone is not None:
 893                zone.pop()
 894                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 895
 896            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 897            if nano is not None:
 898                nano.pop()
 899                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 900
 901            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
 902                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
 903
 904            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 905
 906        def set_operation(self, expression: exp.Union, op: str) -> str:
 907            limit = expression.args.get("limit")
 908            if limit:
 909                return self.sql(expression.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False))
 910
 911            return super().set_operation(expression, op)
 912
 913        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
 914            this = expression.this
 915            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
 916                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
 917                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
 918
 919            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
 920
 921        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
 922            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
 923                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
 924
 925            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
 926
 927        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
 928            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
 929                return self.binary(expression, "=")
 930            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
 931
 932        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
 933            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
 934            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
 935
 936            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
 937                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
 938                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
 939            ):
 940                sql = f"#{sql}"
 941
 942            return sql
 943
 944        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
 945            kind = expression.kind
 946            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
 947            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
 948
 949            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
 950            if like_property:
 951                ctas_expression = like_property.this
 952            else:
 953                ctas_expression = expression.expression
 954
 955            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
 956
 957            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
 958            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
 959                ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with")
 960                if ctas_with:
 961                    ctas_with = ctas_with.pop()
 962
 963                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
 964                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
 965
 966                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
 967                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
 968                select_into.set("with", ctas_with)
 969
 970                if like_property:
 971                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
 972
 973                sql = self.sql(select_into)
 974
 975            if exists:
 976                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
 977                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
 978                if kind == "SCHEMA":
 979                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
 980                elif kind == "TABLE":
 981                    assert table
 982                    where = exp.and_(
 983                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
 984                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
 985                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
 986                    )
 987                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
 988                elif kind == "INDEX":
 989                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
 990                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
 991            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
 992                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
 993
 994            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
 995
 996        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
 997            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
 998
 999        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1000            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1001            this = f"FOR {name}"
1002            expr = expression.expression
1003            kind = expression.text("kind")
1004            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1005                args = expr.expressions
1006                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1007                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1008            else:
1009                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1010
1011            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1012            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1013
1014        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1015            table = expression.args.get("table")
1016            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1017            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1018
1019        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1020            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1021            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1022            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1023
1024        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1025            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1026            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1027            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1028            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1029            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1030
1031        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1032            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1033            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1034            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1035            durability = (
1036                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1037                if durability is not None
1038                else ""
1039            )
1040            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1041
1042        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1043            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1044            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1045            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1046
1047        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1048            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1049
1050            if expression.args.get("global"):
1051                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1052            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1053                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1054
1055            return identifier
1056
1057        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1058            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1059            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1060            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1061
1062        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1063            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1064
1065        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1066            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1067
1068        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1069            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1070
1071        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1072            this = expression.this
1073            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1074                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1075            else:
1076                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1077            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1078            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1079
1080        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1081            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'weekday': '%A', 'dw': '%A', 'w': '%A', 'month': '%B', 'mm': '%B', 'm': '%B'}
DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {'year': 'year', 'yyyy': 'year', 'yy': 'year', 'quarter': 'quarter', 'qq': 'quarter', 'q': 'quarter', 'month': 'month', 'mm': 'month', 'm': 'month', 'week': 'week', 'ww': 'week', 'wk': 'week', 'day': 'day', 'dd': 'day', 'd': 'day'}
DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile('([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})')
TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {'N', 'C'}
DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING': (), 'FAST': (), 'IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX': (), 'LABEL': (), 'MAXDOP': (), 'MAXRECURSION': (), 'MAX_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL': (), 'QUERYTRACEON': (), 'RECOMPILE': (), 'CONCAT': ('UNION',), 'DISABLE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'EXPAND': ('VIEWS',), 'FORCE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'ORDER', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'HASH': ('GROUP', 'JOIN', 'UNION'), 'KEEP': ('PLAN',), 'KEEPFIXED': ('PLAN',), 'LOOP': ('JOIN',), 'MERGE': ('JOIN', 'UNION'), 'OPTIMIZE': (('FOR', 'UNKNOWN'),), 'ORDER': ('GROUP',), 'PARAMETERIZATION': ('FORCED', 'SIMPLE'), 'ROBUST': ('PLAN',), 'USE': ('PLAN',)}
OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ('MAX_GRANT_PERCENT', 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT', 'LABEL')
DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {'QUARTER', 'HOUR', 'DW'}
def qualify_derived_table_outputs( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression:
249def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
250    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
251    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
252
253    if (
254        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
255        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
256        and not alias.columns
257    ):
258        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
259
260        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
261        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
262        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
263        query = expression.this
264        unaliased_column_indexes = (
265            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
266        )
267
268        qualify_outputs(query)
269
270        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
271        query_selects = query.selects
272        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
273            alias = query_selects[select_index]
274            column = alias.this
275            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
276                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
277
278    return expression

Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries.

class TSQL(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
 333class TSQL(Dialect):
 334    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 335    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 336    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 337    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 338    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 339    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 340
 341    TIME_MAPPING = {
 342        "year": "%Y",
 343        "dayofyear": "%j",
 344        "day": "%d",
 345        "dy": "%d",
 346        "y": "%Y",
 347        "week": "%W",
 348        "ww": "%W",
 349        "wk": "%W",
 350        "hour": "%h",
 351        "hh": "%I",
 352        "minute": "%M",
 353        "mi": "%M",
 354        "n": "%M",
 355        "second": "%S",
 356        "ss": "%S",
 357        "s": "%-S",
 358        "millisecond": "%f",
 359        "ms": "%f",
 360        "weekday": "%W",
 361        "dw": "%W",
 362        "month": "%m",
 363        "mm": "%M",
 364        "m": "%-M",
 365        "Y": "%Y",
 366        "YYYY": "%Y",
 367        "YY": "%y",
 368        "MMMM": "%B",
 369        "MMM": "%b",
 370        "MM": "%m",
 371        "M": "%-m",
 372        "dddd": "%A",
 373        "dd": "%d",
 374        "d": "%-d",
 375        "HH": "%H",
 376        "H": "%-H",
 377        "h": "%-I",
 378        "S": "%f",
 379        "yyyy": "%Y",
 380        "yy": "%y",
 381    }
 382
 383    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 384        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 385        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 386        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 387        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 388        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 389        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 390        "6": "%d %b %y",
 391        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 392        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 393        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 394        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 395        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 396        "12": "yymmdd",
 397        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 398        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 399        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 400        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 401        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 402        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 403        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 404        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 405        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 406        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 407        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 408        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 409        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 410        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 411        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 412        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 413        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 414        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 415        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 416        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 417        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 418        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 419        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 420        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 421        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 422    }
 423
 424    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 425        "y": "%B %Y",
 426        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 427        "H": "%-H",
 428        "h": "%-I",
 429        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 430        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 431        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 432        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 433        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 434        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 435        "M": "%B %-d",
 436        "m": "%B %-d",
 437        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 438        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 439        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 440        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 441        "t": "%-I:%M",
 442        "Y": "%a %Y",
 443    }
 444
 445    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 446        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 447        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 448        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 449        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 450
 451        KEYWORDS = {
 452            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 453            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
 454            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 455            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
 456            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 457            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 458            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 459            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 460            "NVARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
 461            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 462            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 463            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 464            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 465            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
 466            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 467            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 468            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 469            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
 470            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 471            "VARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
 472            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 473            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 474            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 475            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 476            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 477        }
 478
 479    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 480        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 481        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 482        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 483        STRING_ALIASES = True
 484        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 485
 486        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 487            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 488            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 489        }
 490
 491        FUNCTIONS = {
 492            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 493            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 494                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 495                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 496                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 497            ),
 498            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 499            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 500            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 501            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
 502            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 503            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 504            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 505            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 506            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 507            "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list,
 508            "JSON_QUERY": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
 509            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 510            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 511            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 512            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 513            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 514            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 515            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 516            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 517            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 518            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 519            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 520        }
 521
 522        JOIN_HINTS = {
 523            "LOOP",
 524            "HASH",
 525            "MERGE",
 526            "REMOTE",
 527        }
 528
 529        VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {
 530            DataType.Type.NVARCHAR,
 531            DataType.Type.VARCHAR,
 532            DataType.Type.CHAR,
 533            DataType.Type.NCHAR,
 534        }
 535
 536        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 537            TokenType.TABLE,
 538            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 539        }
 540
 541        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 542            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 543            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(),
 544        }
 545
 546        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 547            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 548                return None
 549
 550            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 551                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 552                if not option:
 553                    return None
 554
 555                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 556                return self.expression(
 557                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 558                )
 559
 560            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 561
 562        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 563            """
 564            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 565            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 566
 567            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 568            """
 569            return [
 570                (
 571                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 572                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 573                    else projection
 574                )
 575                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 576            ]
 577
 578        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 579            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 580            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 581                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 582                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 583
 584            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 585                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 586                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 587            """
 588            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 589
 590            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 591            this = self._parse_id_var()
 592
 593            if rollback:
 594                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 595
 596            durability = None
 597            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 598                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 599                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 600
 601                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 602                    durability = False
 603                else:
 604                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 605                    durability = True
 606
 607                self._match_r_paren()
 608
 609            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 610
 611        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 612            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 613            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 614            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 615            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 616            ]
 617            """
 618            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 619                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 620                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 621                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 622
 623                return transaction
 624
 625            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 626
 627        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 628            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 629            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 630            returns.set("table", table)
 631            return returns
 632
 633        def _parse_convert(
 634            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 635        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 636            to = self._parse_types()
 637            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 638            this = self._parse_conjunction()
 639
 640            if not to or not this:
 641                return None
 642
 643            # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified
 644            if seq_get(to.expressions, 0) is None and to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
 645                to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False)
 646
 647            # Check whether a conversion with format is applicable
 648            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
 649                format_val = self._parse_number()
 650                format_val_name = format_val.name if format_val else ""
 651
 652                if format_val_name not in TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING:
 653                    raise ValueError(
 654                        f"CONVERT function at T-SQL does not support format style {format_val_name}"
 655                    )
 656
 657                format_norm = exp.Literal.string(TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING[format_val_name])
 658
 659                # Check whether the convert entails a string to date format
 660                if to.this == DataType.Type.DATE:
 661                    return self.expression(exp.StrToDate, this=this, format=format_norm)
 662                # Check whether the convert entails a string to datetime format
 663                elif to.this == DataType.Type.DATETIME:
 664                    return self.expression(exp.StrToTime, this=this, format=format_norm)
 665                # Check whether the convert entails a date to string format
 666                elif to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
 667                    return self.expression(
 668                        exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
 669                        to=to,
 670                        this=self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm),
 671                        safe=safe,
 672                    )
 673                elif to.this == DataType.Type.TEXT:
 674                    return self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm)
 675
 676            # Entails a simple cast without any format requirement
 677            return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
 678
 679        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 680            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 681        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 682            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 683
 684            if (
 685                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 686                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 687                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 688            ):
 689                return this
 690
 691            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 692            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 693
 694        def _parse_id_var(
 695            self,
 696            any_token: bool = True,
 697            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 698        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 699            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 700            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 701
 702            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 703            if this:
 704                if is_global:
 705                    this.set("global", True)
 706                elif is_temporary:
 707                    this.set("temporary", True)
 708
 709            return this
 710
 711        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 712            create = super()._parse_create()
 713
 714            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 715                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 716                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 717                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 718                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 719
 720                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 721
 722            return create
 723
 724        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 725            index = self._index
 726
 727            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 728                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 729                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 730                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 731                self._retreat(index)
 732
 733            return super()._parse_if()
 734
 735        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 736            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 737                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 738            else:
 739                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 740
 741            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 742
 743        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 744            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 745                return None
 746
 747            def parse_range():
 748                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 749                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 750
 751                return (
 752                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 753                )
 754
 755            partition = self.expression(
 756                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 757            )
 758
 759            self._match_r_paren()
 760
 761            return partition
 762
 763    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 764        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 765        QUERY_HINTS = False
 766        RETURNING_END = False
 767        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 768        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 769        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 770        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 771        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 772        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 773        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 774        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 775        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 776        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 777        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 778
 779        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 780            exp.Delete,
 781            exp.Insert,
 782            exp.Merge,
 783            exp.Select,
 784            exp.Subquery,
 785            exp.Union,
 786            exp.Update,
 787        }
 788
 789        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 790            exp.JSONPathKey,
 791            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 792            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 793        }
 794
 795        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 796            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 797            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 798            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 799            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
 800            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 801            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 802            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 803            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 804            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 805            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 806        }
 807
 808        TRANSFORMS = {
 809            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 810            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 811            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 812            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 813            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 814            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 815            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 816            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 817            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 818            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 819            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 820            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 821            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 822            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 823            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 824            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 825            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 826            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 827            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 828            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
 829            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 830                [
 831                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 832                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 833                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 834                ]
 835            ),
 836            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 837                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 838            ),
 839            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 840            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 841            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 842                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 843            ),
 844            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 845            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
 846            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 847            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 848            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 849            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 850        }
 851
 852        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 853
 854        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 855            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 856            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 857        }
 858
 859        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
 860            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
 861            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
 862            if value:
 863                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
 864                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
 865            return option
 866
 867        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 868            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
 869            if cross_apply is True:
 870                return "CROSS APPLY"
 871            if cross_apply is False:
 872                return "OUTER APPLY"
 873
 874            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
 875            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
 876            return "LATERAL"
 877
 878        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
 879            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 880            if nano is not None:
 881                nano.pop()
 882                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
 883
 884            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
 885                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
 886            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
 887                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
 888
 889            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 890
 891        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
 892            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
 893            if zone is not None:
 894                zone.pop()
 895                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 896
 897            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 898            if nano is not None:
 899                nano.pop()
 900                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 901
 902            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
 903                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
 904
 905            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 906
 907        def set_operation(self, expression: exp.Union, op: str) -> str:
 908            limit = expression.args.get("limit")
 909            if limit:
 910                return self.sql(expression.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False))
 911
 912            return super().set_operation(expression, op)
 913
 914        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
 915            this = expression.this
 916            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
 917                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
 918                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
 919
 920            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
 921
 922        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
 923            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
 924                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
 925
 926            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
 927
 928        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
 929            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
 930                return self.binary(expression, "=")
 931            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
 932
 933        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
 934            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
 935            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
 936
 937            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
 938                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
 939                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
 940            ):
 941                sql = f"#{sql}"
 942
 943            return sql
 944
 945        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
 946            kind = expression.kind
 947            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
 948            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
 949
 950            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
 951            if like_property:
 952                ctas_expression = like_property.this
 953            else:
 954                ctas_expression = expression.expression
 955
 956            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
 957
 958            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
 959            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
 960                ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with")
 961                if ctas_with:
 962                    ctas_with = ctas_with.pop()
 963
 964                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
 965                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
 966
 967                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
 968                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
 969                select_into.set("with", ctas_with)
 970
 971                if like_property:
 972                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
 973
 974                sql = self.sql(select_into)
 975
 976            if exists:
 977                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
 978                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
 979                if kind == "SCHEMA":
 980                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
 981                elif kind == "TABLE":
 982                    assert table
 983                    where = exp.and_(
 984                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
 985                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
 986                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
 987                    )
 988                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
 989                elif kind == "INDEX":
 990                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
 991                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
 992            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
 993                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
 994
 995            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
 996
 997        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
 998            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
 999
1000        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1001            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1002            this = f"FOR {name}"
1003            expr = expression.expression
1004            kind = expression.text("kind")
1005            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1006                args = expr.expressions
1007                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1008                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1009            else:
1010                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1011
1012            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1013            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1014
1015        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1016            table = expression.args.get("table")
1017            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1018            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1019
1020        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1021            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1022            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1023            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1024
1025        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1026            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1027            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1028            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1029            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1030            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1031
1032        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1033            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1034            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1035            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1036            durability = (
1037                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1038                if durability is not None
1039                else ""
1040            )
1041            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1042
1043        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1044            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1045            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1046            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1047
1048        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1049            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1050
1051            if expression.args.get("global"):
1052                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1053            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1054                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1055
1056            return identifier
1057
1058        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1059            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1060            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1061            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1062
1063        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1064            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1065
1066        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1067            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1068
1069        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1070            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1071
1072        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1073            this = expression.this
1074            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1075                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1076            else:
1077                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1078            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1079            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1080
1081        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1082            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether SEMI or ANTI joins are supported.

LOG_BASE_FIRST = False

Whether the base comes first in the LOG function.

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of a / b depends on the types of a and b. False means a / b is always float division. True means a / b is integer division if both a and b are integers.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A NULL arg in CONCAT yields NULL by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'year': '%Y', 'dayofyear': '%j', 'day': '%d', 'dy': '%d', 'y': '%Y', 'week': '%W', 'ww': '%W', 'wk': '%W', 'hour': '%h', 'hh': '%I', 'minute': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'n': '%M', 'second': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 's': '%-S', 'millisecond': '%f', 'ms': '%f', 'weekday': '%W', 'dw': '%W', 'month': '%m', 'mm': '%M', 'm': '%-M', 'Y': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'MMM': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'M': '%-m', 'dddd': '%A', 'dd': '%d', 'd': '%-d', 'HH': '%H', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 'S': '%f', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'yy': '%y'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {'0': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '1': '%m/%d/%y', '2': '%y.%m.%d', '3': '%d/%m/%y', '4': '%d.%m.%y', '5': '%d-%m-%y', '6': '%d %b %y', '7': '%b %d, %y', '8': '%H:%M:%S', '9': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '10': 'mm-dd-yy', '11': 'yy/mm/dd', '12': 'yymmdd', '13': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f', '14': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '20': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '21': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '22': '%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p', '23': '%Y-%m-%d', '24': '%H:%M:%S', '25': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '100': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '101': '%m/%d/%Y', '102': '%Y.%m.%d', '103': '%d/%m/%Y', '104': '%d.%m.%Y', '105': '%d-%m-%Y', '106': '%d %b %Y', '107': '%b %d, %Y', '108': '%H:%M:%S', '109': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '110': '%m-%d-%Y', '111': '%Y/%m/%d', '112': '%Y%m%d', '113': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f', '114': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '120': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '121': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f'}
FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'y': '%B %Y', 'd': '%m/%d/%Y', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 's': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', 'D': '%A,%B,%Y', 'f': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p', 'F': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'g': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p', 'G': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'M': '%B %-d', 'm': '%B %-d', 'O': '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S', 'u': '%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z', 'U': '%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z', 'T': '%-I:%M:%S %p', 't': '%-I:%M', 'Y': '%a %Y'}
tokenizer_class = <class 'TSQL.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'TSQL.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'TSQL.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%j': 'dayofyear', '%d': 'dd', '%W': 'dw', '%h': 'hour', '%I': 'hh', '%M': 'mm', '%S': 'ss', '%-S': 's', '%f': 'S', '%m': 'MM', '%-M': 'm', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'MMMM', '%b': 'MMM', '%-m': 'M', '%A': 'dddd', '%-d': 'd', '%H': 'HH', '%-H': 'H', '%-I': 'h'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, '-': {'S': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'f': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '['
IDENTIFIER_END = ']'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class TSQL.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
445    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
446        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
447        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
448        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
449        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
450
451        KEYWORDS = {
452            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
453            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
454            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
455            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
456            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
457            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
458            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
459            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
460            "NVARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
461            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
462            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
463            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
464            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
465            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
466            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
467            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
468            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
469            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
470            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
471            "VARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
472            "XML": TokenType.XML,
473            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
474            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
475            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
476            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
477        }
IDENTIFIERS = [('[', ']'), '"']
QUOTES = ["'", '"']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'@', '#', '$'}
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'DATETIME2': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'DATETIMEOFFSET': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'IMAGE': <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NTEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'NVARCHAR(MAX)': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'PRINT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PROC': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'ROWVERSION': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'SMALLDATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'SMALLMONEY': <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, 'SQL_VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER': <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, 'UPDATE STATISTICS': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARCHAR(MAX)': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'XML': <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, 'OUTPUT': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'OPTION': <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>}
class TSQL.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
479    class Parser(parser.Parser):
480        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
481        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
482        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
483        STRING_ALIASES = True
484        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
485
486        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
487            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
488            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
489        }
490
491        FUNCTIONS = {
492            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
493            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
494                this=seq_get(args, 1),
495                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
496                position=seq_get(args, 2),
497            ),
498            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
499            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
500            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
501            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
502            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
503            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
504            "FORMAT": _build_format,
505            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
506            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
507            "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list,
508            "JSON_QUERY": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
509            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
510            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
511            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
512            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
513            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
514            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
515            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
516            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
517            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
518            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
519            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
520        }
521
522        JOIN_HINTS = {
523            "LOOP",
524            "HASH",
525            "MERGE",
526            "REMOTE",
527        }
528
529        VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {
530            DataType.Type.NVARCHAR,
531            DataType.Type.VARCHAR,
532            DataType.Type.CHAR,
533            DataType.Type.NCHAR,
534        }
535
536        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
537            TokenType.TABLE,
538            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
539        }
540
541        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
542            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
543            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(),
544        }
545
546        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
547            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
548                return None
549
550            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
551                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
552                if not option:
553                    return None
554
555                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
556                return self.expression(
557                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
558                )
559
560            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
561
562        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
563            """
564            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
565            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
566
567            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
568            """
569            return [
570                (
571                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
572                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
573                    else projection
574                )
575                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
576            ]
577
578        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
579            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
580            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
581                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
582                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
583
584            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
585                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
586                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
587            """
588            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
589
590            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
591            this = self._parse_id_var()
592
593            if rollback:
594                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
595
596            durability = None
597            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
598                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
599                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
600
601                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
602                    durability = False
603                else:
604                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
605                    durability = True
606
607                self._match_r_paren()
608
609            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
610
611        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
612            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
613            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
614            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
615            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
616            ]
617            """
618            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
619                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
620                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
621                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
622
623                return transaction
624
625            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
626
627        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
628            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
629            returns = super()._parse_returns()
630            returns.set("table", table)
631            return returns
632
633        def _parse_convert(
634            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
635        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
636            to = self._parse_types()
637            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
638            this = self._parse_conjunction()
639
640            if not to or not this:
641                return None
642
643            # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified
644            if seq_get(to.expressions, 0) is None and to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
645                to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False)
646
647            # Check whether a conversion with format is applicable
648            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
649                format_val = self._parse_number()
650                format_val_name = format_val.name if format_val else ""
651
652                if format_val_name not in TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING:
653                    raise ValueError(
654                        f"CONVERT function at T-SQL does not support format style {format_val_name}"
655                    )
656
657                format_norm = exp.Literal.string(TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING[format_val_name])
658
659                # Check whether the convert entails a string to date format
660                if to.this == DataType.Type.DATE:
661                    return self.expression(exp.StrToDate, this=this, format=format_norm)
662                # Check whether the convert entails a string to datetime format
663                elif to.this == DataType.Type.DATETIME:
664                    return self.expression(exp.StrToTime, this=this, format=format_norm)
665                # Check whether the convert entails a date to string format
666                elif to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
667                    return self.expression(
668                        exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
669                        to=to,
670                        this=self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm),
671                        safe=safe,
672                    )
673                elif to.this == DataType.Type.TEXT:
674                    return self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm)
675
676            # Entails a simple cast without any format requirement
677            return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
678
679        def _parse_user_defined_function(
680            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
681        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
682            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
683
684            if (
685                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
686                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
687                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
688            ):
689                return this
690
691            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
692            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
693
694        def _parse_id_var(
695            self,
696            any_token: bool = True,
697            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
698        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
699            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
700            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
701
702            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
703            if this:
704                if is_global:
705                    this.set("global", True)
706                elif is_temporary:
707                    this.set("temporary", True)
708
709            return this
710
711        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
712            create = super()._parse_create()
713
714            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
715                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
716                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
717                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
718                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
719
720                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
721
722            return create
723
724        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
725            index = self._index
726
727            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
728                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
729                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
730                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
731                self._retreat(index)
732
733            return super()._parse_if()
734
735        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
736            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
737                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
738            else:
739                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
740
741            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
742
743        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
744            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
745                return None
746
747            def parse_range():
748                low = self._parse_bitwise()
749                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
750
751                return (
752                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
753                )
754
755            partition = self.expression(
756                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
757            )
758
759            self._match_r_paren()
760
761            return partition

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
STRING_ALIASES = True
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PREWHERE: 'PREWHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayJoin'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOG10': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log10'>>, 'LOG2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log2'>>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_timefromparts>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'CHARINDEX': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATEADD': <function build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATENAME': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEPART': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATETIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_datetimefromparts>, 'EOMONTH': <function _build_eomonth>, 'FORMAT': <function _build_format>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'HASHBYTES': <function _build_hashbytes>, 'ISNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'JSON_QUERY': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_VALUE': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'REPLICATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'SQUARE': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'SUSER_NAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SUSER_SNAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>}
JOIN_HINTS = {'MERGE', 'REMOTE', 'LOOP', 'HASH'}
VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {<Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>}
RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ID_VAR_TOKENS
INTERVAL_VARS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
BITWISE
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
RANGE_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
FUNCTION_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
USABLES
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
UNION_MODIFIERS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class TSQL.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
 763    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 764        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 765        QUERY_HINTS = False
 766        RETURNING_END = False
 767        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 768        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 769        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 770        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 771        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 772        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 773        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 774        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 775        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 776        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 777        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 778
 779        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 780            exp.Delete,
 781            exp.Insert,
 782            exp.Merge,
 783            exp.Select,
 784            exp.Subquery,
 785            exp.Union,
 786            exp.Update,
 787        }
 788
 789        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 790            exp.JSONPathKey,
 791            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 792            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 793        }
 794
 795        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 796            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 797            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 798            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 799            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
 800            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 801            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 802            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 803            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 804            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 805            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 806        }
 807
 808        TRANSFORMS = {
 809            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 810            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 811            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 812            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 813            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 814            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 815            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 816            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 817            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 818            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 819            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 820            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 821            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 822            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 823            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 824            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 825            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 826            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 827            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 828            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
 829            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 830                [
 831                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 832                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 833                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 834                ]
 835            ),
 836            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 837                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 838            ),
 839            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 840            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 841            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 842                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 843            ),
 844            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 845            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
 846            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 847            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 848            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 849            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 850        }
 851
 852        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 853
 854        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 855            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 856            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 857        }
 858
 859        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
 860            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
 861            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
 862            if value:
 863                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
 864                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
 865            return option
 866
 867        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 868            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
 869            if cross_apply is True:
 870                return "CROSS APPLY"
 871            if cross_apply is False:
 872                return "OUTER APPLY"
 873
 874            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
 875            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
 876            return "LATERAL"
 877
 878        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
 879            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 880            if nano is not None:
 881                nano.pop()
 882                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
 883
 884            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
 885                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
 886            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
 887                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
 888
 889            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 890
 891        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
 892            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
 893            if zone is not None:
 894                zone.pop()
 895                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 896
 897            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 898            if nano is not None:
 899                nano.pop()
 900                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 901
 902            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
 903                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
 904
 905            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 906
 907        def set_operation(self, expression: exp.Union, op: str) -> str:
 908            limit = expression.args.get("limit")
 909            if limit:
 910                return self.sql(expression.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False))
 911
 912            return super().set_operation(expression, op)
 913
 914        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
 915            this = expression.this
 916            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
 917                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
 918                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
 919
 920            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
 921
 922        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
 923            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
 924                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
 925
 926            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
 927
 928        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
 929            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
 930                return self.binary(expression, "=")
 931            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
 932
 933        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
 934            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
 935            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
 936
 937            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
 938                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
 939                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
 940            ):
 941                sql = f"#{sql}"
 942
 943            return sql
 944
 945        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
 946            kind = expression.kind
 947            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
 948            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
 949
 950            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
 951            if like_property:
 952                ctas_expression = like_property.this
 953            else:
 954                ctas_expression = expression.expression
 955
 956            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
 957
 958            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
 959            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
 960                ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with")
 961                if ctas_with:
 962                    ctas_with = ctas_with.pop()
 963
 964                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
 965                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
 966
 967                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
 968                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
 969                select_into.set("with", ctas_with)
 970
 971                if like_property:
 972                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
 973
 974                sql = self.sql(select_into)
 975
 976            if exists:
 977                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
 978                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
 979                if kind == "SCHEMA":
 980                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
 981                elif kind == "TABLE":
 982                    assert table
 983                    where = exp.and_(
 984                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
 985                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
 986                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
 987                    )
 988                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
 989                elif kind == "INDEX":
 990                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
 991                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
 992            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
 993                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
 994
 995            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
 996
 997        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
 998            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
 999
1000        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1001            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1002            this = f"FOR {name}"
1003            expr = expression.expression
1004            kind = expression.text("kind")
1005            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1006                args = expr.expressions
1007                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1008                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1009            else:
1010                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1011
1012            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1013            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1014
1015        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1016            table = expression.args.get("table")
1017            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1018            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1019
1020        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1021            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1022            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1023            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1024
1025        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1026            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1027            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1028            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1029            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1030            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1031
1032        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1033            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1034            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1035            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1036            durability = (
1037                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1038                if durability is not None
1039                else ""
1040            )
1041            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1042
1043        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1044            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1045            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1046            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1047
1048        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1049            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1050
1051            if expression.args.get("global"):
1052                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1053            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1054                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1055
1056            return identifier
1057
1058        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1059            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1060            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1061            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1062
1063        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1064            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1065
1066        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1067            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1068
1069        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1070            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1071
1072        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1073            this = expression.this
1074            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1075                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1076            else:
1077                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1078            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1079            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1080
1081        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1082            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
QUERY_HINTS = False
RETURNING_END = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'FETCH'
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
ENSURE_BOOLS = True
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: 'BIT', <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: 'NUMERIC', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'FLOAT', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR(MAX)', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'DATETIMEOFFSET', <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>: 'SQL_VARIANT'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function any_value_to_max_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CTE'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _string_agg_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Subquery'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
def queryoption_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.QueryOption) -> str:
859        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
860            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
861            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
862            if value:
863                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
864                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
865            return option
def lateral_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Lateral) -> str:
867        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
868            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
869            if cross_apply is True:
870                return "CROSS APPLY"
871            if cross_apply is False:
872                return "OUTER APPLY"
873
874            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
875            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
876            return "LATERAL"
def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str:
878        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
879            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
880            if nano is not None:
881                nano.pop()
882                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
883
884            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
885                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
886            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
887                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
888
889            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
891        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
892            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
893            if zone is not None:
894                zone.pop()
895                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
896
897            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
898            if nano is not None:
899                nano.pop()
900                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
901
902            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
903                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
904
905            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
def set_operation(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Union, op: str) -> str:
907        def set_operation(self, expression: exp.Union, op: str) -> str:
908            limit = expression.args.get("limit")
909            if limit:
910                return self.sql(expression.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False))
911
912            return super().set_operation(expression, op)
def setitem_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SetItem) -> str:
914        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
915            this = expression.this
916            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
917                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
918                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
919
920            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
def boolean_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Boolean) -> str:
922        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
923            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
924                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
925
926            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
def is_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Is) -> str:
928        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
929            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
930                return self.binary(expression, "=")
931            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
def createable_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create, locations: DefaultDict) -> str:
933        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
934            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
935            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
936
937            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
938                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
939                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
940            ):
941                sql = f"#{sql}"
942
943            return sql
def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str:
945        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
946            kind = expression.kind
947            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
948            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
949
950            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
951            if like_property:
952                ctas_expression = like_property.this
953            else:
954                ctas_expression = expression.expression
955
956            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
957
958            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
959            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
960                ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with")
961                if ctas_with:
962                    ctas_with = ctas_with.pop()
963
964                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
965                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
966
967                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
968                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
969                select_into.set("with", ctas_with)
970
971                if like_property:
972                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
973
974                sql = self.sql(select_into)
975
976            if exists:
977                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
978                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
979                if kind == "SCHEMA":
980                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
981                elif kind == "TABLE":
982                    assert table
983                    where = exp.and_(
984                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
985                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
986                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
987                    )
988                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
989                elif kind == "INDEX":
990                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
991                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
992            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
993                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
994
995            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
def offset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Offset) -> str:
997        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
998            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
def version_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Version) -> str:
1000        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1001            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1002            this = f"FOR {name}"
1003            expr = expression.expression
1004            kind = expression.text("kind")
1005            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1006                args = expr.expressions
1007                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1008                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1009            else:
1010                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1011
1012            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1013            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1015        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1016            table = expression.args.get("table")
1017            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1018            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
def returning_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Returning) -> str:
1020        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1021            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1022            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1023            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction) -> str:
1025        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1026            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1027            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1028            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1029            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1030            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
def commit_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Commit) -> str:
1032        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1033            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1034            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1035            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1036            durability = (
1037                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1038                if durability is not None
1039                else ""
1040            )
1041            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
def rollback_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Rollback) -> str:
1043        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1044            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1045            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1046            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
def identifier_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Identifier) -> str:
1048        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1049            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1050
1051            if expression.args.get("global"):
1052                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1053            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1054                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1055
1056            return identifier
def constraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Constraint) -> str:
1058        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1059            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1060            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1061            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str:
1063        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1064            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
def right_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Right) -> str:
1066        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1067            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
def left_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str:
1069        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1070            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
def partition_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Partition) -> str:
1081        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1082            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
EXPLICIT_UNION
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
JOIN_HINTS
TABLE_HINTS
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
VALUES_AS_TABLE
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
STAR_MAPPING
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
STRUCT_DELIMITER
PARAMETER_TOKEN
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
RESERVED_KEYWORDS
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
transformcolumnconstraint_sql
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
clone_sql
describe_sql
heredoc_sql
prepend_ctes
with_sql
cte_sql
tablealias_sql
bitstring_sql
hexstring_sql
bytestring_sql
unicodestring_sql
rawstring_sql
datatypeparam_sql
datatype_sql
directory_sql
delete_sql
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except_sql
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fetch_sql
filter_sql
hint_sql
index_sql
inputoutputformat_sql
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properties_sql
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with_properties
locate_properties
property_name
property_sql
likeproperty_sql
fallbackproperty_sql
journalproperty_sql
freespaceproperty_sql
checksumproperty_sql
mergeblockratioproperty_sql
datablocksizeproperty_sql
blockcompressionproperty_sql
isolatedloadingproperty_sql
partitionboundspec_sql
partitionedofproperty_sql
lockingproperty_sql
withdataproperty_sql
withsystemversioningproperty_sql
insert_sql
intersect_sql
intersect_op
introducer_sql
kill_sql
pseudotype_sql
objectidentifier_sql
onconflict_sql
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
withtablehint_sql
indextablehint_sql
historicaldata_sql
table_parts
table_sql
tablesample_sql
pivot_sql
tuple_sql
update_sql
values_sql
var_sql
into_sql
from_sql
group_sql
having_sql
connect_sql
prior_sql
join_sql
lambda_sql
lateral_sql
limit_sql
set_sql
pragma_sql
lock_sql
literal_sql
escape_str
loaddata_sql
null_sql
order_sql
withfill_sql
cluster_sql
distribute_sql
sort_sql
ordered_sql
matchrecognize_sql
query_modifiers
offset_limit_modifiers
after_having_modifiers
after_limit_modifiers
select_sql
schema_sql
schema_columns_sql
star_sql
parameter_sql
sessionparameter_sql
placeholder_sql
subquery_sql
qualify_sql
union_sql
union_op
unnest_sql
prewhere_sql
where_sql
window_sql
partition_by_sql
windowspec_sql
withingroup_sql
between_sql
bracket_sql
all_sql
any_sql
exists_sql
case_sql
nextvaluefor_sql
extract_sql
trim_sql
convert_concat_args
concat_sql
concatws_sql
check_sql
foreignkey_sql
primarykey_sql
if_sql
matchagainst_sql
jsonkeyvalue_sql
jsonpath_sql
json_path_part
formatjson_sql
jsonobject_sql
jsonobjectagg_sql
jsonarray_sql
jsonarrayagg_sql
jsoncolumndef_sql
jsonschema_sql
jsontable_sql
openjsoncolumndef_sql
openjson_sql
in_sql
in_unnest_op
interval_sql
return_sql
reference_sql
anonymous_sql
paren_sql
neg_sql
not_sql
alias_sql
pivotalias_sql
aliases_sql
atindex_sql
attimezone_sql
fromtimezone_sql
add_sql
and_sql
xor_sql
connector_sql
bitwiseand_sql
bitwiseleftshift_sql
bitwisenot_sql
bitwiseor_sql
bitwiserightshift_sql
bitwisexor_sql
cast_sql
currentdate_sql
currenttimestamp_sql
collate_sql
command_sql
comment_sql
mergetreettlaction_sql
mergetreettl_sql
altercolumn_sql
renametable_sql
renamecolumn_sql
altertable_sql
add_column_sql
droppartition_sql
addconstraint_sql
distinct_sql
ignorenulls_sql
respectnulls_sql
havingmax_sql
intdiv_sql
dpipe_sql
div_sql
overlaps_sql
distance_sql
dot_sql
eq_sql
propertyeq_sql
escape_sql
glob_sql
gt_sql
gte_sql
ilike_sql
ilikeany_sql
like_sql
likeany_sql
similarto_sql
lt_sql
lte_sql
mod_sql
mul_sql
neq_sql
nullsafeeq_sql
nullsafeneq_sql
or_sql
slice_sql
sub_sql
trycast_sql
log_sql
use_sql
binary
function_fallback_sql
func
format_args
text_width
format_time
expressions
op_expressions
naked_property
tag_sql
token_sql
userdefinedfunction_sql
joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
merge_sql
tochar_sql
dictproperty_sql
dictrange_sql
dictsubproperty_sql
oncluster_sql
clusteredbyproperty_sql
anyvalue_sql
querytransform_sql
indexconstraintoption_sql
checkcolumnconstraint_sql
indexcolumnconstraint_sql
nvl2_sql
comprehension_sql
columnprefix_sql
opclass_sql
predict_sql
forin_sql
refresh_sql
operator_sql
toarray_sql
tsordstotime_sql
tsordstodate_sql
unixdate_sql
lastday_sql
arrayany_sql
generateseries_sql
struct_sql
partitionrange_sql
truncatetable_sql